{"id":14959,"date":"2018-07-10T16:19:36","date_gmt":"2018-07-10T20:19:36","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/news.capcana.com\/?p=6268"},"modified":"2026-02-20T11:55:18","modified_gmt":"2026-02-20T15:55:18","slug":"the-journey-of-the-sargassum","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/capcana.com\/es\/the-journey-of-the-sargassum\/","title":{"rendered":"THE JOURNEY OF THE SARGASSUM"},"content":{"rendered":"

Article repost from Randy’s Planet<\/a><\/p>\n

By Randy Fry<\/a><\/p>\n

There is a sea on the Planet Earth which has no shores.\u00a0 It is over two million square miles in size, and it is completely distinct from its surrounding waters both oceanographically and ecologically.\u00a0 It supports roughly a million tons of plant life, which provides habitat for over 100 species of fish and 140 species of invertebrates, and many of them occur nowhere else.\u00a0 All this teeming abundance is in waters that are so nutrient poor that visibility can be a couple hundred feet on a good day.\u00a0 If not for this astonishing ecosystem, in this astonishing sea without shores, this place would be an aquatic desert.<\/p>\n

It\u2019s called the Sargasso Sea.\u00a0 It is contained by a clockwise gyre of four different ocean currents that circle between North America, Europe and North Africa, and it is about 1,000 miles across at its widest point.\u00a0 Its sea level is three feet higher than the surrounding waters, and the waters are warmer and saltier.\u00a0 The foundation of the ecosystem is a remarkable seaweed called sargassum (Sargassum natans<\/em>\u00a0and\u00a0Sargassum fluitans<\/em>), a highly unusual marine algae that is completely pelagic (free drifting).\u00a0\u00a0 It reproduces asexually through simple fragmentation, and it can do so easily, and anywhere it goes.\u00a0 Because it is pelagic, it does not have to compete for precious real estate on the ocean bottom, and it also is not limited to shallow coastal waters like the benthic (attached) seaweeds, which not only have to find some substrate to attach to, but then have to be able to grow up into some light so they can photosynthesize.\u00a0 Sargassum has none of those constraints, and it grows in great mats and windrows in a sprawling, mid-ocean world where the coastlines are hundreds of miles away and the bottom is sixteen thousand feet down.\u00a0 It consumes carbon and produces oxygen in huge quantities.\u00a0 It has been called the golden floating rainforest of the ocean.<\/p>\n

Sail east from anywhere in the US or west from anywhere in Europe and you\u2019ll probably have to cross it.\u00a0 Sailors have known about it for centuries, and it has broken some strong hearts when the seaweed was sighted from shipboard by early explorers, and they thought they were approaching land.<\/p>\n

For myself, I started reading up on it because, though we\u2019ve always gotten a little sargassum on our beaches around here, recently it\u2019s been hitting us in huge quantities.\u00a0 It\u2019s ugly.\u00a0 It\u2019s slimy.\u00a0 It puts out hydrogen sulfide gas as it decomposes and it stinks. \u00a0The tourists are not pleased. \u00a0\u201cWTF?\u201d my friends are all asking me\u2014but in that quaint way we older folks have of spelling things out completely.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

*\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 *\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 *\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 *<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\"SargassumTulumBeach\"<\/a><\/p>\n

Sargassum on the Tulum Beach<\/h5>\n

 <\/p>\n

Well, I knew this would be a tough one and I was right.\u00a0 We\u2019ve all read several articles in the popular press about this and none of them answer the question\u00a0why<\/em>, so I knew it wouldn\u2019t be easy to find.\u00a0 A week into it I muttered to myself that it might have been easier if I\u2019d been looking up the meaning of life.\u00a0 Then, on a whim, I did so. \u00a0It\u2019s 42.\u00a0 If you\u2019ve read any Douglas Adams you already knew that.\u00a0 But anyway, bear with me, because I did arrive at what I consider to be an answer, and getting there was a pretty good trip, not just through the life cycle of one of the most interesting seaweeds in the world, but also the amazing Sargasso Sea, the world\u2019s ocean currents, climate change, and agricultural and urban runoff as measured in continent-fulls.<\/p>\n

It used to be thought that the Sargasso Sea was a one-way destination for sargassum seaweed.\u00a0 The model went like this:\u00a0 The sargassum grows in the north-west Gulf of Mexico (they\u2019ve always gotten some on the Texas beaches), and that was thought to be sort of its nursery.\u00a0 Then the Gulf Stream current catches it and whips it around the southern tip of Florida and up the east coast of North America, and it settles out into the gyre that is the Sargasso Sea, and there the story ends.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

The problem with that model is that it\u2019s a one-way model\u2014the sargassum goes in, and nothing comes out\u2014and ecologists just\u00a0hate<\/em>\u00a0one-way models.\u00a0 To any ecologist with a proper reverence for the Interconnectedness of Everything (capital \u2018I\u2019, capital \u2018E\u2019), if you\u2019re looking at a one-way system, you\u2019ve only found half the system.\u00a0 It wasn\u2019t until last year that\u00a0three Texas A&M scientists\u00a0found what appears to me to be the other half.\u00a0 They developed a way to identify sargassum in satellite photos.\u00a0 If there is enough of it, it reflects wavelengths of light that jump right out at you if you use the right filter.\u00a0 Even if there is not enough to be directly visible, its presence breaks surface tension and dampens wave motion, creating what the scientists call a \u201cslick\u201d on the water.\u00a0 They started going through images, all the way back to the year 2000, which was the earliest year that the photos had enough resolution for this.\u00a0 What they found was that every year, a weather occurrence called the Azores High Pressure System creates strong south-bound winds, and they don\u2019t exactly\u00a0disrupt<\/em>\u00a0this huge North Atlantic Gyre\u2014but they jail-break a bunch of sargassum out of it.<\/p>\n

\"SargassumLoopSystem2\"<\/a><\/p>\n

The Sargassum Loop System<\/h5>\n

 <\/p>\n

This expanded hugely the travels that we understood Sargassum to make.\u00a0 When it breaks out of the gyre, it drops down through three different passages between the island nations that border the Caribbean on the north\u2014between Cuba and Haiti, between Dominican Republic and Puerto Rico, and between Saint Thomas and Anguilla the sargassum is blown through the passages, and it ends up in the Caribbean, where the North Equatorial Current grabs it and sweeps it west down the same gun barrel that brings us our hurricanes\u2014right at the Yucatan.\u00a0 Then the Gulf Stream grabs it and carries it around the north-east tip of the Yucatan and into the Gulf of Mexico, where some of it continues around the south tip of Florida and up the East Coast again to complete the circuit, but a lot of it eddies backwards into the north-west Gulf of Mexico, where it reproduces wildly and buries the beaches in Texas.<\/p>\n

They\u2019re calling it the Sargassum Loop System, and it\u2019s recent news, cutting edge science, and a pretty big discovery, but here\u2019s why it doesn\u2019t answer the question my neighbors are asking me:\u00a0 There seems to be nothing new about it.\u00a0 As far as the scientists can tell, sargassum has been travelling this circuit all along, and it had only resulted in occasional, and not very heavy, strandings of sargassum on our beaches.<\/p>\n

But another study got my attention, and when you put the two together you have something.<\/p>\n

In 2011, there was a huge episode of this, and in 2012 a scientist named\u00a0Johnson and a couple of colleagues\u00a0did a very clever thing.\u00a0 You see, scientists have software models of ocean currents.\u00a0 There is more than one, and people and institutions have worked hard on them, and they\u2019re very detailed and sophisticated, and they do a pretty good job.\u00a0 And Johnson et al had historical data about where the heavy loads of sargassum were, and on what dates.\u00a0 So what they did, effectively, is they dropped some virtual sargassum in their software sea at a few of those places\u00a0and dates, and then ran the tape backwards.<\/p>\n

They were amazed at where it ended up.\u00a0 It wasn\u2019t anywhere near the Caribbean, and it wasn\u2019t anywhere near the Sargasso Sea.\u00a0 It wasn\u2019t even anywhere near the Sargassum Loop System (which actually hadn\u2019t been discovered yet).\u00a0 It was in a huge, elongated eddy that lies just above the equator and reaches all the way from South America to Africa.\u00a0 It\u2019s called the North Equatorial Recirculation Region.\u00a0 While the huge Equatorial Current is taking everything west, this eddy forms above it, bounded on its north by a weak, usually seasonal current called the North Equatorial Counter Current.\u00a0 This explained why there had been landfalls not just here in the Caribbean, which has always gotten\u00a0some<\/em>\u00a0sargassum, but also in places like Brazil, and even on the coast of Africa in places like Sierra Leone, where it had\u00a0never<\/em>been seen before and people didn\u2019t know what in the heck they were looking at.\u00a0 And the thing about this eddy, this North Equatorial Recirculation Region, is that it\u2019s swimming in nutrients.\u00a0 It\u2019s west end is right at the mouth of the Amazon River.\u00a0 It also gets iron-rich dust blown over from Africa, and coastal upwelling off that coastline as well.\u00a0 According to their software models, the sargassum stayed there for a \u201cconsiderable time,\u201d and it just\u00a0loved<\/em>\u00a0that place.\u00a0 It grew exponentially, moving in eddy-like motions and sucking up all that warmth and all those nutrients and creating masses and masses of itself\u2014and then the counter-current broke down.\u00a0 The eddy vanished, the floodgates opened, and all that sargassum started across the Caribbean toward us.<\/p>\n

\"SargassumNERRSave<\/a><\/p>\n

North Equatorial Recirculation Region<\/h5>\n

 <\/p>\n

It makes sense when you think about it, because the two biggest rivers in the Americas are the Mississippi and the Amazon.\u00a0 Which brings us to the subject of continental run-off.<\/p>\n

I\u2019ve written before about\u00a0eutrophication,<\/em>\u00a0when I did a piece on\u00a0jellyfish<\/a>.\u00a0 It\u2019s a word you\u2019ll be hearing more of, unfortunately, as we pummel this planet harder and harder, and sure enough, it figures in this story too.\u00a0 Looked at simply, eutrophication is when excess nutrients wash into a body of water and mess everything up.\u00a0 The first thing that happens is an algae bloom, and that could be anything from phytoplankton to sargassum, and then as that stuff dies, the decomposition process robs the water of all its oxygen, and you end up with what marine biologists call a\u00a0dead zone<\/em>.\u00a0 This happens in big ways and small ones\u2014I know divers who can swim down our barrier reef and tell you resort by resort whose septic systems aren\u2019t working.\u00a0 But rivers like the Mississippi and the Amazon empty entire continents of their nutrients, and that now includes fertilizers, pesticides, industrial waste and discharge from sewage treatment plants.\u00a0 You can see the dead zones on Google Earth now.\u00a0 Look for the little dead fish icons.\u00a0 They\u2019re courtesy of William and Mary College and the World Resources Institute (and thank you, Google, for being willing to display them!)\u00a0 The second biggest dead zone in the world is in a plume running west from the mouth of the Mississippi, which is why the sargassum grows so riotously in the north-west Gulf of Mexico, and man, if you think\u00a0we\u2019ve<\/em>\u00a0got problems, you should see the sargassum in Texas.\u00a0 They get it on a classic Texan scale.\u00a0 The piles on the beaches (called\u00a0wracks<\/em>) can be\u00a0ten feet high\u00a0there, especially around Galveston.\u00a0 When it comes in, they call it the\u00a0golden tide<\/em>.<\/p>\n

And sargassum isn\u2019t the only seaweed going nuts from eutrophication.\u00a0 On the Brittany coast in France, they got a\u00a0green<\/em>\u00a0tide of sea lettuce (Ulva armoricana<\/em>) in 2009 that off-gassed so much hydrogen sulfide that it killed a horse and rendered its rider unconscious.\u00a0 In 2011 it returned and killed thirty-six wild boars.\u00a0 The sensational press coverage left everyone with the impression that the seaweed was toxic (it\u2019s not, but hydrogen sulfide is nothing to trifle with).\u00a0 The cause was clear:\u00a0 factory agriculture.\u00a0 Nutrients come in (in animal feed) but they don\u2019t go out (no one returns the manure to sender), so there\u2019s a gargantuan net increase in the nutrients in the Brittany area, and they end up in the ocean.\u00a0 Measures to curtail factory farming caused layoffs, closures and protests.\u00a0 The tourist industry there is 5 million dollars per year.\u00a0 The agriculture industry is 11.6.\u00a0 They\u2019re still fighting.<\/p>\n

In China, on the shores of the notoriously eutrophic Yellow Sea, the largest green tide ever recorded hit the beaches of Qingdao three weeks before the Olympics and its sailing regatta.\u00a0 The Chinese rose to it in impressive fashion:\u00a0 In just three weeks they removed a million tons of\u00a0Ulva prolifera<\/em>from the beaches in an operation that involved 10,000 people and cost thirty million dollars.\u00a0 Then they put up a boom to keep the stuff out that was\u00a0thirty kilometers<\/em>\u00a0long.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

*\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 *\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 *\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 *<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\"Sargassum_natans\"<\/a><\/p>\n

Sargassum Natans<\/h5>\n

 <\/p>\n

So, the picture that\u2019s shaping up in the mind of this amateur naturalist looks something like this:\u00a0 The sargassum spends most of a year, or even more than a year, hanging out somewhere it has never been before, which is in the North Equatorial Recirculation Region, and it circles and blooms and circles and blooms. Then at some point, the countercurrent bounding it on the north dissipates, the eddying stops, and the sargassum floods out, rejoins the Sargassum Loop System and buries our beaches.\u00a0 But there\u2019s a huge question still unanswered, which, of course, is this:\u00a0 How in the\u00a0hell<\/em>\u00a0did sargassum start getting into the North Equatorial Recirculation Region?\u00a0 Nobody knows.\u00a0 Johnson and his team say that the causes \u201chave not yet been elucidated,\u201d but they suspect a link with global warming.<\/p>\n

A voice in my head is going,\u00a0I should have known.\u00a0 Climate change, and eutrophication.<\/em>\u00a0\u00a0Both<\/em>.<\/p>\n

And they could\u00a0both<\/em>\u00a0in theory be fixed, because the good news and the bad news here is that they\u2019re both anthropogenic.\u00a0 Anthropogenic is a scientific term meaning caused by humans.\u00a0 But I prefer how the great Jimmy Buffet would put it:<\/p>\n

It\u2019s our own damn fault.<\/p>\n

Now you know.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Photo Credits: Philippe Bourjon<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Article repost from Randy’s Planet By Randy Fry There is a sea on the Planet Earth which has no shores.\u00a0 It is over two million square miles in size, and it is completely distinct from its surrounding waters both oceanographically and ecologically.\u00a0 It supports roughly a million tons of plant life, which provides habitat for […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":6269,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_angie_page":false,"page_builder":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[142,238,16],"tags":[397,179,58,61,291],"class_list":["post-14959","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-beaches","category-ecology","category-sustainability","tag-beaches","tag-caribbean","tag-dominican-republic","tag-news","tag-real-estate"],"yoast_head":"\nTHE JOURNEY OF THE SARGASSUM - Cap Cana<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"The journey of the sargassum: explore the shoreless Sargasso Sea, over two million square miles distinct from its surroundings.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/capcana.com\/es\/the-journey-of-the-sargassum\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"es_ES\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"THE JOURNEY OF THE SARGASSUM - 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